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to have clear diction

  • 1 élocution

    élocution [elɔkysjɔ̃]
    feminine noun
    ( = débit) delivery ; ( = clarté) diction
    * * *
    elɔkysjɔ̃
    nom féminin diction
    * * *
    elɔkysjɔ̃ nf
    * * *
    élocution nf diction; avoir une élocution lente to speak slowly; professeur d'élocution elocution teacher; défaut d'élocution speech impediment.
    [elɔkysjɔ̃] nom féminin
    [débit] delivery
    [diction] diction, elocution

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > élocution

  • 2 dicción

    f.
    diction, term, expression, word.
    * * *
    1 diction
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=pronunciación) diction
    2) (=palabra) word
    * * *
    * * *
    Ex. Some abstracts have poor grammar and diction.
    * * *
    * * *

    Ex: Some abstracts have poor grammar and diction.

    * * *
    tiene muy buena/mala dicción she has very good/bad diction
    * * *

    dicción sustantivo femenino diction, enunciation, pronunciation: tiene una dicción clara y precisa, she has clear and precise diction
    ' dicción' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cuidado
    - viciado
    English:
    burr
    - diction
    - elocution
    * * *
    1. [pronunciación] enunciation, pronunciation
    2. [manera de hablar] diction
    * * *
    f diction
    * * *
    dicción nf, pl - ciones : diction

    Spanish-English dictionary > dicción

  • 3 limpio

    adj.
    1 clean, cleanly, neat, tidy.
    2 clean, innocent.
    3 clean, decent, wholesome.
    4 clean, fair, honest.
    5 clean, guiltless.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: limpiar.
    * * *
    2 (claro) neat, tidy
    3 (puro) pure
    4 (honesto) honest, fair
    5 (juego) fair
    ■ al mes vendré a salir por las 70.000 limpias I make roughly 70,000 a month after tax
    ■ ganó 40.000 limpias she made 40,000 clear profit
    1 familiar (eliminación) clearing-out
    1 fairly
    ■ no juegan limpio, hacen trampa they don't play fair, they cheat
    \
    dejar limpio,-a a alguien familiar to clean somebody out
    pasar algo a limpio to make a fair copy of something, write something out neatly
    sacar en limpio to conclude, infer
    * * *
    (f. - limpia)
    adj.
    2) free
    •
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [casa, cuarto] clean

    limpio de algo — free from sth, clear of sth

    2) (=despejado) clear

    el cielo estaba limpio de nubes — there was a cloudless sky, there was not a cloud in the sky

    3) [líquidos] pure, clean
    4) [en lo moral] pure; (=honesto) honest
    5) (Dep) [jugada] fair
    6) (Econ) clear, net
    7) * (=sin dinero)

    quedar(se) limpio — * to be cleaned out *

    8) * [enfático]

    a pedrada limpia —

    2. SM
    1)

    en limpio — (Econ) clear, net

    pasar o poner algo en limpio — to make a fair o neat o clean copy of sth

    poner un texto en limpio — to tidy a text up, produce a final version of a text

    2) Méx (=claro de bosque) clearing ( in a wood), treeless area, bare ground
    3.
    ADV
    * * *
    I
    - pia adjetivo
    1)
    a) [estar] <casa/vestido/vaso> clean
    b) < aire> clean

    un cielo limpio, sin nubes — a clear, cloudless sky

    c)

    pasar algo en or (Esp) a limpio — to make a fresh copy of something

    2) [ser] < persona> clean
    3)
    a) [ser] <dinero/campaña> clean; <elecciones/juego> fair, clean
    b) ( libre)

    limpio de algo — de impurezas/polvo free of something

    4) <perfil/imagen> well-defined, clean; < corte> clean
    5) ( neto)

    saca unos $70 limpios por mes — she makes $70 a month after deductions

    sacar en limpio: no pude sacar nada en limpio de todo lo que dijo I couldn't make sense of anything he said; lo único que saqué en limpio es que... — the only thing that I got clear was that...

    6) (fam) ( uso enfático)
    7) (fam) ( sin dinero) broke (colloq)
    II
    adverbio <jugar/pelear> fairly, clean
    * * *
    = clean [cleaner -comp., cleanest -sup.], spic(k)-and-span, neat [neater -comp., neatest -sup.].
    Ex. Perhaps it is obvious that guiding must also be accurate, clean and tidy.
    Ex. ' Spick and Span' is a comedy that examines how individuals cope with death in a society that likes to sweep things under the rug.
    Ex. What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.
    ----
    * a grito limpio = at the top of + Posesivo + voice.
    * agua limpia de impurezas = purified water.
    * con la conciencia limpia = with a clear conscience.
    * dejar limpio a Alguien = take + Nombre + to the cleaners.
    * jugar limpio = play + fair.
    * limpio de corazón = pure of heart.
    * super limpio = squeaky clean.
    * tecnología limpia = clean technology.
    * tener la conciencia limpia = have + a clear conscience.
    * vivir con la conciencia limpia = live with + a clear conscience.
    * * *
    I
    - pia adjetivo
    1)
    a) [estar] <casa/vestido/vaso> clean
    b) < aire> clean

    un cielo limpio, sin nubes — a clear, cloudless sky

    c)

    pasar algo en or (Esp) a limpio — to make a fresh copy of something

    2) [ser] < persona> clean
    3)
    a) [ser] <dinero/campaña> clean; <elecciones/juego> fair, clean
    b) ( libre)

    limpio de algo — de impurezas/polvo free of something

    4) <perfil/imagen> well-defined, clean; < corte> clean
    5) ( neto)

    saca unos $70 limpios por mes — she makes $70 a month after deductions

    sacar en limpio: no pude sacar nada en limpio de todo lo que dijo I couldn't make sense of anything he said; lo único que saqué en limpio es que... — the only thing that I got clear was that...

    6) (fam) ( uso enfático)
    7) (fam) ( sin dinero) broke (colloq)
    II
    adverbio <jugar/pelear> fairly, clean
    * * *
    = clean [cleaner -comp., cleanest -sup.], spic(k)-and-span, neat [neater -comp., neatest -sup.].

    Ex: Perhaps it is obvious that guiding must also be accurate, clean and tidy.

    Ex: ' Spick and Span' is a comedy that examines how individuals cope with death in a society that likes to sweep things under the rug.
    Ex: What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.
    * a grito limpio = at the top of + Posesivo + voice.
    * agua limpia de impurezas = purified water.
    * con la conciencia limpia = with a clear conscience.
    * dejar limpio a Alguien = take + Nombre + to the cleaners.
    * jugar limpio = play + fair.
    * limpio de corazón = pure of heart.
    * super limpio = squeaky clean.
    * tecnología limpia = clean technology.
    * tener la conciencia limpia = have + a clear conscience.
    * vivir con la conciencia limpia = live with + a clear conscience.

    * * *
    A
    1 [ ESTAR] ‹casa/vestido/vaso› clean
    ¿tienes las manos limpias? are your hands clean?
    2 ‹aire/medio ambiente› clean
    un cielo limpio, sin nubes a clear, cloudless sky
    3
    pasar algo en or ( Esp) a limpio to write sth out neatly, to make a clean o ( BrE) fair copy of sth
    B [ SER] ‹persona› clean
    es limpio y ordenado he's very clean and tidy
    C
    1 [ SER] ‹dinero/elecciones› clean
    está metido en un asunto poco limpio he's involved in some rather underhand o ( colloq) shady business
    sus intenciones hacia ella eran limpias his intentions toward(s) her were honorable
    2 (libre) limpio DE algo:
    agua limpia de impurezas purified water
    un alma limpia de toda mácula ( liter); an unblemished soul
    dicción limpia de vicios faultless diction
    D
    1 ‹perfil/imagen› well-defined, clean; ‹corte› clean
    2 ( Dep) ‹salto/movimiento› clean
    3 ‹movimiento› (de las manos) dexterous
    E
    (neto): saca unos $700 limpios por mes she makes a clear $700 a month, she makes $700 a month net o after deductions, she clears $700 a month
    sacar en limpio: lo único que saqué en limpio es que no venía the only thing that was clear to me o that I got clear was that he wasn't coming
    no pude sacar nada en limpio de todo lo que dijo I couldn't make sense of anything he said
    F ( fam)
    (uso enfático): la discusión terminó a puñetazo limpio the argument degenerated into a fistfight
    conseguí entrar a empujón limpio I managed to push my way in
    se rió a carcajada limpia she roared with laughter
    G ( fam) (sin dinero) broke ( colloq), skint ( BrE colloq)
    jugamos al póker y me dejaron limpio we played poker and they cleaned me out ( colloq)
    los ladrones le dejaron la casa limpia the thieves cleaned the house out ( colloq)
    ‹jugar/pelear› fairly
    * * *

     

    Del verbo limpiar: ( conjugate limpiar)

    limpio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    limpió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    limpiar    
    limpio
    limpiar ( conjugate limpiar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹casa/mueble/zapatos› to clean;

    ‹arroz/lentejas› to wash;
    ‹ pescado› to clean;
    ‹aire/atmósfera› to clear;

    limpio algo en seco to dry-clean sth
    b) ‹ nombre› to clear;

    ‹ honor› to restore
    2 ( dejar libre) limpio algo de algo to clear sth of sth
    3 (fam)
    a) ( en el juego) ‹ persona› to clean … out (colloq)

    b) [ ladrones] ‹ casa› to clean … out (colloq)

    verbo intransitivo
    to clean
    limpiarse verbo pronominal ( refl) ‹boca/nariz› to wipe;

    limpio 1 -pia adjetivo
    1
    a) [estar] ‹casa/vestido/vaso› clean

    b) ‹ aire› clean;

    ‹ cielo› clear
    c) pasar algo en or (Esp) a limpio to make a clean (AmE) o (BrE) fair copy of sth

    2 [ser]
    a) ‹ persona› clean

    b) ‹dinero/campaña› clean;

    ‹elecciones/juego› fair, clean;

    c) ( libre) limpio de algo ‹de impurezas/polvo› free of sth

    3 ( neto):
    ◊ saca unos $70 limpios por mes she makes $70 a month after deductions;

    sacar en limpio: no sacó nada en limpio de todo lo que dijo he didn't make sense of anything he said;
    lo único que saqué en limpio es que … the only thing that I got clear was that …
    limpio 2 adverbio ‹jugar/pelear› fairly, clean
    limpiar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to clean
    (con un paño) to wipe
    (el calzado) to polish
    2 (la sangre, el organismo) to cleanse
    (el alma) to purify
    3 fam (robar) to pinch
    II verbo intransitivo to clean
    limpio,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 clean
    2 Fin (neto) net
    3 familiar pasa la redacción a limpio, make a fair o clean copy of the composition
    4 Dep juego limpio, fair play
    II adverbio limpio fairly: no jugó limpio, he played dirty
    ' limpio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    curiosa
    - curioso
    - decente
    - jugar
    - limpia
    - lustrosa
    - lustroso
    - pasar
    - polvo
    - resplandeciente
    - sacar
    - trigo
    - arreglado
    - aseado
    - juego
    - limpiar
    - parecer
    - puro
    English:
    clean
    - fair
    - fresh
    - himself
    - play
    - underhand
    - write out
    - write up
    - crisp
    - fairly
    - have
    - keep
    - savory
    - shipshape
    - spick-and-span
    - under
    - write
    * * *
    limpio, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [sin suciedad] clean;
    [cielo, imagen] clear;
    tiene la casa muy limpia y ordenada her house is very neat and tidy;
    limpio de polvo y paja all-in, including all charges
    2. [pulcro, aseado] clean and smart;
    un joven muy limpio a very well turned out young man
    3. [no contaminante] clean
    4. [pollo, pescado] cleaned
    5. [fractura] clean
    6. [neto] net;
    gana cinco millones limpios al año she earns five million a year net
    7. [honrado] honest;
    [intenciones] honourable; [juego] clean
    8. [sin culpa]
    estar limpio to be in the clear;
    limpio de culpa/sospecha free of blame/suspicion
    9. Fam [sin dinero] broke, Br skint
    10. Fam [para enfatizar]
    a puñetazo limpio with bare fists, bareknuckle;
    abrió la puerta a patada limpia he bust down o booted in the door
    ♦ adv
    cleanly, fair;
    Fig
    jugar limpio to play fair;
    pasar Esp [m5]a o Am [m5]en limpio, poner en limpio to make a fair copy of, to write out neatly;
    sacar algo en limpio de to make sth out from
    * * *
    adj
    1 clean;
    poner algo en limpio make a fair copy of sth;
    pasar a limpio copy out neatly;
    gana $5.000 limpios al mes he takes home $5,000 a month;
    quedarse limpio S.Am. fam be broke fam ;
    sacar algo en limpio fig make sense of sth
    2 ( ordenado) neat, tidy
    3 político honest
    * * *
    limpio adv
    : fairly
    limpio, - pia adj
    1) : clean, neat
    2) : honest
    un juego limpio: a fair game
    3) : free
    limpio de impurezas: pure, free from impurities
    4) : clear, net
    ganancia limpia: clear profit
    * * *
    limpio1 adj clean
    ¿tienes las manos limpias? have you got clean hands?
    limpio2 adv fair

    Spanish-English dictionary > limpio

  • 4 net

    net, nette [nεt]
    1. adjective
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► net follows the noun except when it means marked.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       a. ( = propre) [surface, ongles, mains] clean ; [intérieur, travail, copie] neat
    ► mettre au net [rapport, devoir] to copy out ; [plan, travail] to tidy up
       b. (opposé à "brut") [bénéfice, prix, poids] net
       c. ( = clair) clear ; [refus] flat before n ; [situation, position] clear-cut ; [ligne, contour, image] sharp ; [cassure, coupure] clean
       d. ( = marqué) marked
    2. adverb
       a. ( = brusquement) [s'arrêter] dead
       b. ( = franchement) [refuser] flatly
       c. (Business) net
    • il gagne 40 000 € net he earns 40,000 euros net
    * * *

    1.
    nette nɛt adjectif
    1) Économie, Finance ( après déductions) net

    prix/salaire net — net price/salary

    2) [changement, augmentation] marked; [baisse] sharp; [tendance, odeur] distinct
    3) [personne, victoire, souvenir] clear; [situation] clear-cut; [écriture] neat; [cassure] clean
    4) ( propre) lit [maison, vêtement] neat; [mains] clean; fig [personne] clean; [conscience] clear
    5) (colloq) ( lucide)

    2.
    adverbe [s'arrêter] dead; [tuer] outright; [refuser] flatly; [dire] straight out

    3.
    nom masculin
    1) Économie, Finance ( revenu) net income; ( bénéfices) net earnings (pl)
    2) ( propre)
    * * *
    nɛt nm
    INTERNET
    * * *
    A adj
    1 Compta, Écon, Fin ( après déductions) net; prix/salaire net net price/salary; augmentation/perte nette net increase/loss; net d'impôt net of tax; créations nettes d'emplois net job creation; immigration nette net immigration;
    2 ( notable) [changement, augmentation, recul] marked; [baisse] sharp; [tendance, odeur] distinct; ralentissement encore plus net even more marked slowdown;
    3 ( clair) [personne, victoire, réponse, relation] clear; [situation] clear-cut; il a été très net à ce sujet he was very clear on this subject; il y a un net rapport entre les phénomènes there's a clear relationship between the phenomena; en avoir le cœur net to be clear in one's mind about it;
    4 ( distinct) [souvenir, voix, forme] clear; [écriture] neat; [cassure, coupure] clean; avoir la nette impression que to have the distinct impression that;
    5 ( impeccable) [maison, vêtement] neat; [mains] clean; faire place nette to clear everything away;
    6 ( irréprochable) [personne] clean; [conscience] clear; personne pas nette unsavoury person;
    7 ○( lucide) pas (très) net not quite with it○.
    B adv [s'arrêter] dead; [tuer] outright; [refuser] flatly; [dire] straight out; refuser tout net to refuse point blank; la corde a cassé net the rope snapped; la clé s'est cassée net the key snapped in two.
    C nm
    1 Compta, Écon, Fin ( revenu) net income; ( bénéfices) net earnings (pl); augmentation de 2% en net net 2% increase;
    2 ( propre) copie au net clean copy; mettre son texte au net to make a clean copy of one's text;
    3 ( clair) mettre les choses au net to set matters straight.
    ( féminin nette) [nɛt] adjectif
    1. [nettoyé] clean, neat
    2. [pur - peau, vin] clear
    3. [bien défini] clear
    elle a une diction nette she speaks ou articulates clearly
    j'ai la nette impression que... I have the distinct ou clear impression that...
    il veut t'épouser, c'est net! he wants to marry you, that's obvious!
    5. COMMERCE & FINANCE net
    net de tout droit exempt ou free from duty
    6. (familier & locution)
    pas net [équivoque]: cette histoire n'est pas nette there's something fishy ou not kosher about this business
    a. [suspect] there's something shifty ou shady about that guy
    b. [fou] that guy's a bit funny ou weird
    net adjectif invariable
    net adverbe
    1. [brutalement]
    couper ou casser net avec quelqu'un to break with somebody completely
    2. [sans mentir] frankly, plainly
    [sans tergiverser] frankly, bluntly
    3. COMMERCE & FINANCE net
    je gagne 200 euros net par semaine ou 200 euros par semaine net I take home ou my take-home pay is 200 euros a week
    au net locution adverbiale

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > net

  • 5 Commentaires

     ♦ Ce qu’ils disent du Dictionnaire du NEF
       Russon Wooldridge, fondateur du NEF, professeur émérite, University of Toronto: "Le Dictionnaire du NEF traite de différents aspects d’internet et des technologies numériques en général: il vise un public de professionnels des médias et d’universitaires. Les contributions de Mme Lebert au NEF sont d’une grande importance et elles ont attiré l’attention de beaucoup de commentateurs sérieux. La bibliothèque la plus prestigieuse du monde francophone, la Bibliothèque nationale de France, signale parmi ses signets de ressources en ligne accordés avec parcimonie le Net des études françaises et en particulier le Dictionnaire du NEF." (24 janvier 2005)
       Jean-Paul, webmestre du site hypermédia cotres.net: "Les constantes des recherches de Marie Lebert sont: (a) l’attention extrême qu’elle porte au problème du multilinguisme sur le net, et donc de la traduction; elle est à l’origine de mon propre intérêt pour le sujet; (b) la régularité avec laquelle elle présente les outils permettant l’accès des mal-voyants à l’internet; (c) la volonté affirmée de mettre à la disposition de tous (le plus souvent gratuitement) les outils de compréhension des nouvelles technologies de l’information (cf. Le Dictionnaire du NEF). Dans le Dictionnaire du NEF se manifestent une nouvelle fois les lignes de force qui ont toujours guidé Marie dans cette période excitante: fournir à tous, librement, d’un simple clic, une vue synthétique, une table d’orientation, une longue-vue qui permette de ne pas se sentir perdu dans le domaine gigantesque qui nous occupe, et nous donner ainsi accès à une cartographie la plus vaste mais aussi la plus claire possible." (8 février 2005)
       Marie-Joseph Pierre, directeur d’études à l’Ecole pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Paris-Sorbonne: "Etant moi-même depuis longtemps une sérieuse habituée des nouvelles technologies, ainsi qu’universitaire, je viens de découvrir le remarquable Dictionnaire du NEF de Marie Lebert, qui vient tout juste d’être sélectionné parmi les premiers signets de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. Les 700 entrées permettent aux utilisateurs, même chevronnés, de mieux suivre les évolutions constantes des techniques et des arcanes de l’informatique. C’est un outil hors pair, écrit dans une langue très claire, juste et sans forfanterie, qui n’a pas son équivalent dans le monde, à ma connaissance. Il serait très souhaitable qu’il soit traduit au moins en anglais. Je l’ai signalé à mes étudiants, parfois perdus dans le dédale des sigles et des logiciels." (4 mars 2005)
       Peter Raggett, chef du Centre de documentation et d’information de l’OCDE (Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques): "J’ai vu le Dictionnaire de l’internet et des nouvelles technologies rédigé par Mme Lebert pour Le Net des études françaises. Cet ouvrage est très utile pour les professionnels francophones qui travaillent dans les domaines de l’information et des médias. Il détaille les termes et les acronymes pertinents dans ce domaine. Il démontre un grand professionnalisme et une très bonne maîtrise du sujet. Il contient des hyperliens vers de nombreuses autres sources d’information présentes sur le web." (12 avril 2005)
       Henri Slettenhaar, directeur exécutif de la Silicon Valley Association (SVA), Suisse: "Je connais Marie Lebert depuis dix ans, durant lesquels elle a été membre de la Silicon Valley Association. Notre association organise principalement des voyages d’étude dans les grands pôles de concentration des nouvelles technologies, comme la Silicon Valley. L’avis de Mme Lebert nous a été très utile, en particulier pour les développements originaux dans les technologies de l’information. Elle a participé à plusieurs voyages d’étude. J’ai été impressionné par ses connaissances techniques sur un grand nombre de sujets et par ses talents d’écrivain. J’ai une grande estime pour ses qualifications universitaires et pour son expérience, notamment dans les domaines du multilinguisme, de l’internet et des médias numériques." (30 avril 2005)
       Anne-Bénédicte Joly, écrivain et éditeur: "Entre ’diction’ et ’dictionnairique’ se trouve, bien calé, un mot qui m’a longtemps fascinée et qui continue, encore aujourd’hui, à m’envoûter: dictionnaire. (...) C’est vous dire tout l’attachement et l’enthousiasme qui ont été les miens lorsque Marie m’a parlé de sa démarche et de son objectif. Je l’ai assurée de tout mon appui, lui ai offert mon indéfectible soutien et lui ai apporté ma (bien modeste) contribution (à savoir la rédaction des notices ’dictionnaire’, ’écriture’, ’lecture’ et ’roman’, ndlr). Que vive ce dictionnaire, qu’il s’enrichisse, qu’il devienne le référentiel du Net et qu’il permette à des internautes de bien belles et enrichissantes découvertes. La diffusion et la mémoire des cultures ont, depuis toujours, été relayées par des passeurs d’idées. Marie Lebert appartient à cette catégorie privilégiée de témoins culturels." (27 mai 2005)
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    Le Dictionnaire du NEF > Commentaires

  • 6 ER

    I) (older form es), rel. part. in old poems and in law phrases ‘es’ is suffixed to a demonstrative or interrogative word, pron. or adv., as s: sás, sús, þats, þeims, þærs; þars, þás, þegars, síðans, hveims, hvars, &c., = sá es, sú es, þar es, þá es, &c.
    I. used as a rel. pron., indecl., who, which, that;
    1) Mörðr hét maðr, er (nom.) kallaðr var gígja;
    grös fögr, er (acc.) hón hafði í hendi;
    aðra hluti þá, er (gen.) menn vildu visir verða;
    þann einn son, er (dat.) hann ann lítit;
    2) with a prep. placed at the end of the sentence;
    land, er hann kom frá, the land he came from;
    jötunn, er ór steini var höfuðit á (viz. honum), whose head was of stone;
    3) ellipt., the prep. being understood;
    ór þeim ættum, er mér þóttu fuglarnir fljúga (viz. ór), from the quarter that I thought the birds flew from;
    þeir hafa nú látit líf sitt, er mér þykkir eigi vert at lifa (viz. eptir), whom I think it is not worth while to outlive;
    4) a personal or demonstr. pron. may be added to the rel. part., er þú, er þik; er hann, er hón, er hana, er hans, er hennar, er þeim, er þeiri, er þeira, etc.;
    œrr ertu, Loki, er þú (who) yðra telr ljóta leiðstafi;
    sá maðr, er hann vill, that man who wishes;
    nema ein Goðrún, er hón æva grét, who never wept;
    ekkja heitir sú, er búandi hennar (whose husband) varð sóttdauðr;
    þann konung, er undir honum eru skatt-konungar, that king under whom are tributary kings;
    5) in the fourteenth century added to the int. pron., hverr;
    þat herbergi, í hverju er hann ( in which = er hann í því) hefir sitt ráð ok ræðr;
    II. as a conj. and adv.
    1) local, er, þar er, there where;
    hann sá á eldinum fölskann, er netit hafði brunnit, where the net had been burnt;
    Ó. gekk þar til, er H. lá, to the spot where H. lay;
    2) of time, er, þá er, when;
    ok er, and when;
    en er, but when;
    þar til er, until;
    í því er, just when;
    eptir (þat) er, when;
    þegar er, as soon as (þegar er lýsti, stóð konungr upp);
    síðan er, since;
    meðan er, while;
    næst er vér kómum, next when we came;
    þá lét í hamrinum, sem er reið gengr, as when it thunders;
    3) = at, that;
    ok fannst þat á öllu, er hón þóttist vargefin, that she thought she was thrown away;
    ek em þess sæll, er okkart félag sleit, I am happy that;
    skyldi fara fyrst leyniliga, en þó kom þar, er allir vissu, but it came to this, that every one knew of it.
    II) from vera.
    * * *
    1.
    old form es, mod. sometimes eð, but usually ‘er;’ indecl. Particle used as relat. pron. or as relat. adv.; in very old MSS. always es, and rhymed so by old poets; in the 12th century it changed into er. In poems and in law phrases the particle ‘es’ is suffixed to the pronoun or adverb, as s or z, e. g. thus: as pron., sá’s = sá es (so in ‘people’s Engl.’ he as, him as, for he who, etc.), Hkr. iii. 11 (Sighvat); dat. þeim’s = þeim es, illi qui, Hm. 3, Fms. vi. 38 (Sighvat); acc. masc. þann’z or þann’s = þann es, illum qui, Vsp. 45 (MS.), Od. i, Hm. 44, 120, Hým. 39, Am. 90; neut. þatz = þat es, illud quod, Hm. 39, Am. 37, Hkv. Hjörv. 3, Fms. iii. 9 (Hallfred): as conj. or adv., hvárt’z … eða = hvárt es … eða, utrum … an, Grág. (Ed. 1853); hvárt’z hann vill at reiða eða …, i. 25, 145, 152, 155, 156, 161, 233, ii. 50: as adv., þegar’s = þegar es, as soon as, Grág. (Ed. 1853) i. 94, Am. 30; síðan’s = síðan es, since (Old Engl. sithens, sithence), 78; even sem’s = sem es, Am. 103; hvar’s = hvar es, wherever, 47, Mork. 138, Hm. 138; hve’s = hve es, however, 140 (MS. hvers), Skálda 190 (in a verse); þar’s = þar es, there where, i. e. where, Grág. i. 46, 153, Hm. 66, Hbl. 60, Gm. 8, Ls. 50, Mork. 18, 34, 37, 62, 170, Skálda 189 (Bragi), Edda (Ht.) 124, where this anastrophe is called bragar-mál, poetical diction; hvarge’s = hvarge es, wherever, Grág. ii. 44. The Icel. has no relat. pron. but only the relat. particles er and sem, both of them indecl. in gender, case, and number; in simple sentences the sense (gender etc.) is clear from the context; and the language has certain expedients to meet the deficiency.
    A. Used as relat. pron. which, who, that:
    I. used alone, where there is perhaps an ellipse of the demonstrative, er = er hann (þeir, þær, þeim, etc.);
    α. nom., á þeim bæ, er Abia heitir, 625. 83; Mörðr hét maðr, er kallaðr var Gigja, Nj. 1; hann átti dóttur eina, er Unnr hét, id.; þá skulu þeir, er fær eru ( who are) saman, Grág. i. 9; maðr, er þessa þurfi, id.; at þeim svörum, er verða, 19; lið þat, er þeim hafðI þangat fylgt, Fms. i. 62; konur þær, er völfur vóru kallaðar, iii. 212; þeim unga manni, er þar sitr hjá þér, id.
    β. acc., þingfesti manna þeirra, er ( quos) menn vilja sækja, Grág. i. 19; sakar þeirrar, er ( quam) ek hefi höfðað, id.
    γ. gen., aðra hluti þá, er ( quorum) menn viidu vísir verða, Fms. iii. 212.
    δ. dat., þann einn, er ( cui) hann ann lítið, Fms. i. 86.
    ε. joined to a demonstrative; allir Þrændir, þeir er …, all the Th., who …, Fms. i. 62.
    II. with a prep., which, as often in Engl., is placed at the end of the sentence; er hann kom til, whom he came to; land, er hann kom frá, the land he came from; so Lat. quocum venit = er hann kom með sub quibus = er … undir; in quibus = er … í, etc.: the prep. may also be a penultimate, e. g. the phrase, er mér er á ván, wlich I have a hope of; or, er hann var yfir settr, whom he was set over, etc.; this use of the pronoun is undoubtedly elliptical, the corresponding demonstrative pronoun being left out, although the ellipse is not felt; þvengrinn sá er muðrinn Loka var saman rifjaðr með (Kb. omits the prep.), the lace that the mouth of Loki was stitched with, Edda 71; öðrum höfðingjum, þeim er honum þótti liðs at ván (that is to say, þeim, er honum þótti liðs van at þeim), at whose hands, i. e. from whom he thought help likely to come, Fms. i; þeir er ek mæli þetta til (= er ek mæli þetta til þeirra), those to whom I speak, xi. 12; er engi hefir áðr til orðit, Nj. 190; in stórúðgi jötunn, er ór steini var höfuðit á (= er ór steini var höfuðit á honum), whose head was of stone. Hbl. 15; því er vér urðum á sáttir, Fms. xi. 34; við glugg þann í loptinu, er fuglinn hafðI áðr við setið. the window close to which the bird sat. Eg.: nokkurum þeim höfðingja, er mér sé eigandi vinátta við (viz. þá). Ó. H. 78: þá sjón, er mér þykir mikils um vert (viz. hana), 74; er mér þat at sýn orðit, er ek hefi opt heyrt frá sagt (= frá því sagt), 57; til vatns þess, er Á en Helga fellr ór, 163: til kirkju þeirra, es bein eru færð til, Grág. i. 13 new Ed.
    2. ellipt. the prep. being understood, esp. to avoid the repetition of it; ekirinn sá er brendr vár Ásgarðr (viz. með), Edda (pref.); hann gékk til herbergis þess, er konungr var inni (viz. í), he went to the house that the king was in, Ó. H. 160, Fb. iii. 251; dyrr þær, er ganga mátti upp á húsit (viz. gegnum, through), the doors through which one could walk up to the house, Eg. 421; ór þeim ættum er mér þóttu fuglarnir fljúga (viz. ór), the airt ( quarter) that I thought the birds flew from, Ísl. ii. 196; yfir þeim manni, er Mörðr hafði sök sína fram sagt (viz. yfir), the man over whose head ( to whom) Mord had pleaded his suit, Nj. 242; þrjú þing, þau er menn ætluðu (viz. á), three parliaments, in ( during) which men thought …, 71; nær borg þeirri, er konungr sat (viz. í), near the town the king resided in, Eg. 287; Montakassin, er dyrkast Benedictus, Monte Cassino, where B. is worshipped, Fms. xi. 415; þeir hafa nú látið lif sitt fyrir skömmu, er mér þykir eigi vert at lifa (viz. eptir), they, whom methinks it is not worth while to outlive, 150; fara eptir með hunda, er þeir vóru vanir at spyrja þá upp (viz. með), er undan hljópusk, they pursued with hounds, that they were wont to pick up fugitives with, i. e. with bloodbounds, v. 145; þat er í þrem stöðum, er dauðum má sök gefa (viz. í), it is in three places that a man can be slain with impunity, N. G. L. i. 62; þat er í einum stað, er maðr hittir (viz. í), it is in one place that …, id.
    III. a demonstrative pron. may be added to the relat. particle, e. g. er þeirra = quorum, er þeim = quibus, er hans, er hennar = cujus; but this is chiefly used in old translations from Lat., being rarely found in original writings; þann konung, er undir honum eru skatt-konungar, that king under whom vassals serve, Edda 93; ekkja heitir sú, er búandi hennar ( whose husband) varð sótt-dauðr; hæll er sú kona kölluð er búandi hennar er veginn, 108; sú sam-stafa, er raddar-stafr hennar er náttúrlega skammr, that syllable, the vowel of which is naturally short, Skálda 179; sá maðr, er hann vill, that man who wishes, Grág. i. 19; sá maðr, er hann skal fasta, 36; nema ein Guðrún, er hón æva grét, G. that never wailed, Gh. 40; þess manns, er hann girnisk, Hom. 54; sæl er sú bygghlaða … er ór þeirri …, felix est illud horreum … unde …, Hom. 15; engi er hærri speki en sú, er í þeirri …, nulla melior est sapientia quam ea, qua …, 28; varðveita boðorð hans, fyrir þann er vér erum skapaðir, ejusque mandata custodire, per quem creati sumus, 28; harða göfugr er háttr hófsemi, fyrir þá er saman stendr …, nobilis virtus est valde temperantia, per quam …, id.; elskendum Guð þann er svá mælti, Deum diligentibus qui ait, id.; skírn Græðara várs, er í þeirri, 56; er á þeim = in quibus, 52: rare in mod. writers, enginn kann að játa eðr iðrast réttilega þeirrar syndar, er hann þekkir ekki stærð hennar og ílsku, Vídal. i. 226.
    IV. in the 14th century, the relat. pron. hverr was admitted, but by adding the particle er; yet it has never prevailed, and no relative pronoun is used in Icel. (except that this pronoun occurs in the N. T. and sermons, e. g. Luke xi. 1, whose blood Pilate had mingled, is rendered hverra blóði Pilatus hafði blandað; an old translator would have said, er P. hafði blandað blóði þeirra): hvern er þeir erfðu, M. K. 156; hverjar er hón lauk mér, id.; af hverju er hann megi marka, Stj. 114; hvat er tákna mundi, Fms. xi. 12.
    V. the few following instances are rare and curious, er þú, er ek, er mér, er hón; and are analogous to the Germ. der ich, der du, I that, thou that; in Hm. l. c. ‘er’ is almost a superfluous enclitic, eyvitar fyrna er maðr annan skal, Hm. 93; sáttir þínar er ek vil snemma hafa, Alm. 7; ójafnt skipta er þú mundir, Hbl. 25; þrár hafðar er ek hefi, Fsm. 50; auði frá er mér ætluð var, sandi orpin sæng, Sl. 49; lauga-vatn er mér leiðast var eitt allra hluta, 50; ærr ertu Loki, er þú yðra telr, Ls. 29, cp. 21, Og. 12, Hkv. 2. 32; tröll, er þik bíta eigi járn, Ísl. ii. 364. ☞ This want of a proper relat. pron. has probably preserved Icel. prose from foreign influences; in rendering Lat. or mod. Germ. into Icel. almost every sentence must be altered and broken up in order to make it vernacular.
    B. Conj. and adv. joined with a demonstrative particle, where, when:
    1. loc., þar er, there where = ubi; þar er hvárki sé akr né eng, Grág. i. 123; hvervetna þess, er, N. G. L. passim.
    2. temp. when; ok er, and when; en er, but when: þá er, then when; þar til er, until, etc., passim; annan dag, er menn gengu, Nj. 3; brá þeim mjök við, er þan sá hann, 68; sjaldan fór þá svá, er vel vildi, Ld. 290; ok í því er Þórgils, and in the nick of time when Th., id.: þá lét í hamrinum sem er ( as when) reið gengr, Ísl. ii. 434; næst er vér kómum, next when we came, Eg. 287; þá er vér, when we, id.
    II. conj. that (vide ‘at’ II, p. 29); þat er (is) mitt ráð er ( that) þú kallir til tals, Eg. 540; ok þat, er hann ætlar, Nj. 7: ok fansk þat á öllu, er ( that) hon þóttisk vargefin, 17; en þessi er (is) frásögn til þess, er ( that) þeir vóru Heljar-skinn kallaðir, Sturl. i. 1; ok finna honum þá sök, er (en MS.) hann hafði verit, that he had been, Fms. vii. 331; af hverju er hann megi marka, from which he may infer, Stj. 135; hvárt er (en MS.) er (is) ungr eða gamall, either that he is young or old, N. G. L. i. 349; spurði hann at, hvárt er, asked him whether, Barl. 92; mikill skaði, er slíkr maðr, that such a man, Fms. vi. 15; hlægligt mér þat þykkir, er ( that) þú þinn harm tínir, Am. 53; er þér gengsk illa, that it goes ill with thee, 53, 89; hins viltú geta, er ( that) vit Hrungnir deildum, Hbl. 15.
    2. denoting cause; er dóttir mín er hörð í skapi, for that my daughter is hard of heart, Nj. 17.
    β. er þó, although, Skálda 164.
    3. þegar er, as soon as, when, Fms. iv. 95, cp. þegar’s above: alls er þú ert, for that thou art, i. 305; síðan er, since, after that, Grág. i. 135; en siðan er Freyr hafði heygðr verít, Hkr. (pref.); but without ‘er,’ N. G. L. i. 342. In the earliest and best MSS. distinction is made between eptir er ( postquam), þegar er ( quum), meðan er ( dum), síðan er ( postquam), and on the other hand eptir ( post), þegar ( jam), meðan ( interdum), síðan (post, deinde); cp. meðan’s, síðan’s, þegar’s, above; but in most old MSS. and writers the particle is left out, often, no doubt, merely from inaccuracy in the MSS., or even in the editions, (in MSS. ‘er’ is almost always spelt  and easily overlooked): again, in mod. usage the particle ‘at, að,’ is often used as equivalent to ‘er,’ meðan að, whilst; síðan að, since that; þegar að, postquam, (vide ‘at’ V, p. 29.)
    2.
    3rd pers. pres. is, vide vera.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > ER

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